:root{--read-col:640px;--main-color:#1a1a1a;--second-color:#2e2e2e;--third-color:#1a1a1a;--forth-color:#777777;--boxout-color:#f0f0f0;--main-color-dark:#f0f0f0;--second-color-dark:#e0e0e0;--third-color-dark:#e0e0e0;--forth-color-dark:#aaaaaa;--boxout-color-dark:#1e1e1e;--accent:#e5001c;--accent-dark:#ff2d45;--boxout-border-color:var(--accent);--boxout-border-color-dark:var(--accent-dark);--font-scale:1;--font-scale-display:calc(1 + (var(--font-scale) - 1) * 0.5);--font-smallest:calc(13px * var(--font-scale));--font-small:calc(15px * var(--font-scale));--font-standard:calc(17px * var(--font-scale));--font-medium:calc(22px * var(--font-scale));--font-large:calc(26px * var(--font-scale-display));--font-x-large:calc(32px * var(--font-scale-display));--font-xx-large:calc(42px * var(--font-scale-display));--font-weight-exlight:200;--font-weight-light:300;--font-weight-standard:400;--font-weight-bold:600;--font-weight-x-bold:700;--font-weight-xx-bold:900;--font-family-main:"Barlow","Helvetica 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var(--side-pad);--headline-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);--headline-transform:none;--headline-tracking:-0.01em;--headline-line-height:1.02;--lead-font:var(--font-family-main);--lead-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);--lead-style:normal;--lead-line-height:1.4;--lead-color:var(--second-color);--pull-quote-font:var(--font-family-condensed);--pull-quote-weight:var(--font-weight-xx-bold);--pull-quote-style:italic;--pull-quote-color:var(--accent-on-light,var(--accent));--pull-quote-align:left;--pull-quote-padding:1.25rem var(--side-pad);--pull-quote-margin:1.75rem 0 1.5rem;--pull-quote-border-width:0;--pull-quote-border-color:var(--accent);--dropcap-size:4.4em;--dropcap-weight:var(--font-weight-xx-bold);--boxout-border:0;--boxout-border-top:3px solid var(--boxout-border-color);--toc-section-border-bottom:1px solid var(--main-color);--toc-section-border-pb:0.6rem;--toc-section-span-display:inline-block;--toc-section-span-font:var(--font-family-condensed);--toc-section-span-size:var(--font-small);--toc-section-span-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);--toc-section-span-tracking:0.2em;--toc-section-span-bg:transparent;--toc-section-span-fg:var(--accent-on-light,var(--accent));--toc-section-span-padding:0;--toc-title-font:var(--font-family-condensed);--toc-title-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);--toc-title-transform:none;--toc-title-tracking:0;--toc-sell-font:var(--font-family-main);--toc-sell-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);--toc-sell-style:normal;--toc-placeholder-bg:#f2f2f2}.masthead{display:none}.backtotop{display:none}.ld_bold{font-weight:700}.ld_italic{font-style:italic}.flexy{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.flexy>*{order:2}.flexy .article-standfirst{order:1}body.connect-mobile-edition{margin:0;padding-top:90px;padding-bottom:max(20vh,96px)}body.interactive-cover{margin:0!important;padding-top:90px!important}body.connect-mobile-edition:not(:has(.article-hero--scrim)){padding-top:114px}@media (orientation:landscape) and (max-width:1023px) and (min-resolution:2.5dppx){body.connect-mobile-edition{--side-pad:120px}}@media (orientation:landscape) and (min-width:1024px) and (min-resolution:2.5dppx){body.connect-mobile-edition{--side-pad:10vw}}@media (min-width:640px) and (orientation:portrait) and (max-resolution:2.49dppx){body.connect-mobile-edition{--side-pad:2.25rem}}@media (orientation:landscape) and (min-resolution:2.5dppx){body.connect-mobile-edition .article-standfirst{margin-left:var(--side-pad);margin-right:var(--side-pad)}body.connect-mobile-edition .article-pull-quote,body.connect-mobile-edition .article-pull-quote-credit{margin-left:calc(var(--side-pad) + 0.75rem);margin-right:calc(var(--side-pad) + 0.75rem)}body.connect-mobile-edition .article-boxout{margin-left:var(--side-pad);margin-right:var(--side-pad);width:auto}body.connect-mobile-edition .article-image-feature{margin-left:var(--side-pad);margin-right:var(--side-pad)}body.connect-mobile-edition .feature-gallery .article-image-feature,body.connect-mobile-edition .feature-carousel .article-image-feature{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}html,body{overflow-x:hidden;overflow-x:clip}body{padding-bottom:max(20vh,96px)}body.interactive-cover{padding-bottom:0!important}.flexy{margin:0;padding:0;padding-top:64px;width:100%;word-wrap:break-word;padding-bottom:20vh;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;box-sizing:border-box}.advertisement .article-in-image{text-align:center}.advertisement .article-in-image a{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.advertisement .article-in-image img{display:inline-block;margin:0 auto;max-width:100%;height:auto;vertical-align:top}.connect-mobile-edition .advertisement .article-in-image,.connect-mobile-edition 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img{width:100%;max-width:100%;display:block;height:auto!important;max-height:90vh!important;object-fit:cover;object-position:center}.article-in-image.solo.full-bleed .articleImageCaption{padding-left:calc(var(--side-pad) + var(--read-inset,0px))!important;padding-right:var(--side-pad);box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0!important}.gallery-viewer .article-in-image.solo.full-bleed,.feature-gallery .article-in-image.solo.full-bleed{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;max-width:100%!important}.article-in-image.photo>.articleImageCaption{padding-left:calc(var(--side-pad) + var(--read-inset,0px));max-width:var(--read-col)}.gallery-viewer .article-in-image.photo>.articleImageCaption,.article-boxout .article-in-image.photo>.articleImageCaption{padding-left:var(--side-pad);max-width:none}.gallery-viewer.gallery-scroller .article-in-image.photo>.articleImageCaption{padding-left:2px}a{color:var(--link-color)}.article-standfirst .ld_bold{font-weight:unset}.article-full-lead .ld_bold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold)}.articleImageCredit .ld_bold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard)}.article-full-byline .ld_bold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold)}.article-full-subhead .ld_bold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard)}.article-full-lead .ld_italic{font-style:italic}.article-standfirst{display:var(--standfirst-display);font-family:var(--standfirst-font);font-size:var(--standfirst-size);font-weight:var(--standfirst-weight);color:var(--standfirst-text,var(--accent-on-light,var(--accent)));background:var(--standfirst-pill-bg,none);line-height:1;letter-spacing:var(--standfirst-tracking);text-transform:var(--standfirst-transform);text-decoration:none;padding:var(--standfirst-padding);margin:var(--standfirst-margin);border-radius:var(--standfirst-radius);text-align:left}body[class*="retro-"] .article-standfirst{color:var(--standfirst-text,var(--accent-on-light,var(--accent)))!important}.article-full-headline{font-family:var(--font-family-main-display);font-size:var(--font-xx-large);font-weight:var(--headline-weight);color:var(--third-color);line-height:var(--headline-line-height);letter-spacing:var(--headline-tracking);text-transform:var(--headline-transform);text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 0.875rem;text-align:left}.article-full-headline.hl-caps,.hero-headline.hl-caps{text-transform:uppercase}.hl-run-drop{display:inline-block;margin-top:0.42em}.article-full-headline.hl-italic,.hero-headline.hl-italic{font-style:italic}.article-full-headline.hl-serif,.article-hero .hero-headline.hl-serif{font-family:var(--headline-font-serif,var(--font-family-main-display))}.article-full-headline.hl-sans,.article-hero .hero-headline.hl-sans{font-family:var(--headline-font-sans,var(--font-family-main-display))}.article-full-lead{font-family:var(--lead-font);font-size:var(--font-medium);font-weight:var(--lead-weight);font-style:var(--lead-style);color:var(--lead-color);line-height:var(--lead-line-height);text-decoration:normal;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 1.25rem;text-align:left}.article-full-subhead{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-medium);font-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);color:var(--second-color);line-height:1.2;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.04em;text-decoration:normal;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 0.875rem;text-align:left}.article-full-byline{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);color:var(--forth-color);line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:0.04em;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 1.25rem;text-align:left}.article-full-byline .ld_bold{color:var(--main-color);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.06em}.article-full-body{font-family:var(--font-family-main);font-size:var(--font-standard);font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.65;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 1.25rem;text-align:left}.article-headline{font-family:var(--font-family-main-display);font-size:var(--font-x-large);font-weight:var(--font-weight-xx-bold);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.05;letter-spacing:-0.01em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:1.5rem 0 0.625rem;text-align:left}.article-subhead{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-medium);font-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.2;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0.04em;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:1.25rem 0 0.5rem;text-align:left}.article-subsubhead{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:0.1em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:1.25rem 0 0.5rem;text-align:left}.article-superheader{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:0.18em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 0.75rem;text-align:left}.article-crosshead{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-large);font-weight:var(--font-weight-xx-bold);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.1;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.02em;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:2rem 0 0.625rem;text-align:left}.article-byline{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);color:var(--forth-color);line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:0.04em;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 0.625rem;text-align:left}.article-body{font-family:var(--font-family-main);font-size:var(--font-standard);font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);color:var(--main-color);line-height:1.65;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 1.25rem;text-align:left}.article-callout-stat{margin:1.1em var(--side-pad) 1.2em;padding-left:0.6em;border-left:3px solid var(--accent);text-align:left}.callout-tile{float:left;font-family:var(--font-family-main-display);font-weight:800;font-size:1.45em;line-height:1;color:#111;padding:0.32em 0.42em 0.28em;margin:0.14em 0.55em 0.15em 0;border-radius:2px}.article-callout-stat .callout-figure,p.article-callout-stat{display:block;font-family:var(--font-family-main-display);font-size:clamp(2.1rem,9vw,3.4rem);font-weight:800;line-height:1.02;letter-spacing:-0.02em;color:var(--accent-on-light);text-wrap:balance}.article-callout-stat .callout-label{display:block;margin-top:0.35em;font-family:var(--font-family-main);font-size:var(--font-small);line-height:1.35;color:var(--second-color)}@media (min-width:640px){.article-callout-stat{float:right;width:38%;margin:0.2em 0 0.9em 1.4em}.article-callout-stat .callout-figure{font-size:3.1rem}}@media (orientation:landscape) and (max-width:1023px) and (min-resolution:2.5dppx){.article-callout-stat{float:none;width:auto;margin:1.1em 0 1.2em}}.article-boxout .article-callout-stat{background:#fff;padding:0.5em 0.7em;border-radius:3px}.article-pull-quote{font-family:var(--pull-quote-font);font-size:var(--font-large);font-weight:var(--pull-quote-weight);font-style:var(--pull-quote-style);color:var(--pull-quote-color);line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;padding:var(--pull-quote-padding);margin:var(--pull-quote-margin);text-align:var(--pull-quote-align);border-top:var(--pull-quote-border-width) solid var(--pull-quote-border-color);border-bottom:var(--pull-quote-border-width) solid var(--pull-quote-border-color);overflow:hidden}@media (min-width:640px) and (max-resolution:2dppx){.article-pull-quote{text-align:center;text-wrap:balance;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}.article-pull-quote-credit{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-bold);color:var(--forth-color);letter-spacing:0.08em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:-0.75rem 0 1.75rem;text-align:left}.article-callout{font-family:var(--pull-quote-font);font-size:var(--font-large);font-weight:var(--pull-quote-weight);font-style:var(--pull-quote-style);color:var(--accent);line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0.5rem 0 1rem;text-align:left}.dropcap::first-letter {float:left;font-size:var(--dropcap-size);font-family:var(--font-family-main-display);font-weight:var(--dropcap-weight);line-height:0.82;margin-right:0.06em;margin-top:0.08em;width:auto;font-style:normal!important;color:var(--accent);text-transform:uppercase}.dropcap{text-indent:unset}.article-in-image img{max-height:82vh;width:auto}.article-in-image{max-width:100%;display:block;height:auto;padding:0;margin:1rem 0 0.5rem;text-align:center}.article-in-image>img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:inline-block;margin:0 0 0.5rem}video[poster]{height:100%;width:100%}.article-in-video{display:block;margin-left:5%;margin-right:5%;text-align:center;padding-bottom:50%;width:90%;margin-bottom:10px;height:auto;position:relative}.article-in-video>iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:none}.articleImageCaption{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);color:var(--forth-color);line-height:1.4;text-transform:none;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 1rem;text-align:left}.articleImageCaption .ld_bold{font-weight:var(--font-weight-x-bold);color:var(--main-color);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.06em}.articleVideoCaption{font-family:var(--font-family-condensed);font-size:var(--font-small);font-weight:var(--font-weight-standard);color:var(--forth-color);line-height:1.4;padding:0 var(--side-pad);margin:0 0 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(max-resolution:2.49dppx){.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop){display:block;background:transparent}.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop) .article-hero__text{background:transparent;padding:1.5rem calc(2 * var(--side-pad)) 0 calc(2 * var(--side-pad) + var(--read-inset,0px));margin:0 0 1rem;color:var(--main-color)}.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop) .hero-eyebrow{color:var(--accent-on-light,var(--accent));opacity:1;font-size:var(--standfirst-size)}.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop) .hero-headline{color:var(--main-color)}.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop) .hero-lead{color:var(--second-color);opacity:1;font-size:var(--font-medium);line-height:1.4}.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop) .hero-byline{color:var(--third-color);font-size:var(--font-small)}.article-hero--scrim:not(.article-hero--desktop) 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